How to Write an Order Essay Online

How to Write an Order Essay OnlineIn order to complete an order essay online, you must first have a strong understanding of the subject matter and you must follow directions and be prepared with all the pertinent information. And if you don't know how to do this, then you should use an essay writing service or a placement service.Many people who are not necessarily essay writers themselves might think that this is as simple as entering a keyword into a search engine and seeing what comes up; however, this isn't necessarily true. The key to becoming a competent essay writer is being able to write and provide the right kind of content for an assignment. And in order to write an essay, you have to understand a number of subjects, especially if you want to excel at it.Delivery is one of the most important factors to consider when it comes to completing your essay. You need to deliver the information you want to share in the best possible way. Remember that there are many different school s of thought on how to write an essay, and many different approaches.But when you decide to write an essay for any given subject, whether it's your personal history or the usual topic, you will want to find out exactly what everyone is using. That way, you will have a good idea about the format and what you can expect when you write your essay. This way, you will avoid any technical difficulties. However, this is still only one of the many factors to consider when you're writing your essay.First of all, you must choose your topic well before you begin to write your order essay online. In order to do this, you need to find out what has been discussed in class, in school, or even on your own experiences, and in this way, you will know what your options are for your subject matter.Once you've decided on your topic, you must now spend some time going through various sources and searching for information. And because you will be using a computer to write your essay, you'll need to access the Internet for the most accurate information.Writing an essay doesn't have to be difficult and it can also be very fun. However, it is very important that you are ready for the task ahead of you, and that you have a clear idea of the subject matter you're covering, so that you won't miss out on anything important.

The Super Powers Role in Fueling the Dispute in the...

The Middle East is a region to which the superpowers attached great significance and in which they evidenced great attention. The United States and the Soviet Union became the main external powers of significance in the Middle East in the period since the end of World War II but mostly since the mid-1950s and the withdrawal of British and French influence from the region. The superpowers had conflicting and similar interests and their policies often clashed, but they avoided direct conflict while their respective clients were occupied in war. The Arab League, an organisation that represented all of the Arab countries, promised its support for Nasser and Arab enmity towards Israel amplified still further. There were also key changes in other parts of the Middle East, which had conventionally supported the West. The pro-western system in Iraq was overthrown in 1958 and Syria and Libya both began to look to the Soviet Union for military aid. In 1958 Syria and Egypt created the United Ar ab Republic, this lasted for three years until a revolution in Syria in 1961. Nasser had hoped that this would be the foundation for the Pan-Arab movement that he dreamed of. In 1964 Nasser supported the starting up of the Palestine Liberation organisation. A few incidents, such as the Suez Crisis led to Superpower involvement in the Middle East on a large scale. From being a Middle Eastern concern, relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors became a potential global crisis point. To try toShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestheir situation within the domestic sphere and the conditions under which they labored to expand the career opportunities available to them at different times and in diverse settings. She places special emphasis on the important but often overlooked roles they played in politics, particularly those associated with resistance movements, and their contributions to arts and letters worldwide. Drawing on the essay collections and series on women in world history that she has edited over the past decade

Common Business Communications Problem

Question: Discuss about the Report for Common Business Communications Problem. Answer: Introduction A literature review is a description of what has been issued on a subject by attributed academics and reviewers. Sometimes it could be as an individual project (occasionally in the structure of anannotated bibliography), except more frequently it is a predecessor in the foreword to a dissertation, research statement, or proposal, regularly the initial step of long research assignments. In composing the literary review, the intention is to communicate to the scholar what information and view have been set up on a subject, and what their strong point and weak spots are. As a bit of writing, the literary review should be identified by a guiding model. It is not simply an explanatory list of the substance obtainable, or a set of synopses (Soy 2015). There are quite a few reasons why a literature review is conducted. They are as follows: Ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject Identifying possible areas for research Identifying analogous research done within a particular area Identifying understanding gaps that require further exploration Comparing earlier findings Criticizing existing conclusions and recommend further research. Literature Review Business communication is an important part of any organization without which nothing can be accomplished. Effective communication must be a focus of every business because it helps to build and maintain relationships, facilitates innovations, builds an efficient team, manage workforce, ensures transparency and contributes to the growth of a company. However, we know companies and workforce might be deficient in this capability to gain knowledge, employ, and utilize superior communication practices. Business communication characterizes most companies, ensuing in effectual promotional campaigns, dynamic interpersonal relations between co-workers and flourishing customer service solutions. Since customers claim diverse types of communications in diverse situations and surroundings, efficient business communication experts recognize how to mold communications for maximum results (Eunson 2016). Problems in business communication Communication troubles in business normally branch from misinterpretations. These frequently end up in resentment and allegations. Recognizing circumstances caused by communication problems in the office generally also involves assisting workers resolve inconveniences without charging others. Communication struggles waste time, capital and efficiency (Conrad 2014). Here is some of the most common business communication problems faced today: Information disorganization: The right message being not shared with the right people results in reduced access to resources. Uninformed employees: Modes of communication not utilized properly ends up in the employee lagging behind regarding important notifications. Contact miscommunication: Client, consumer or potential communications are not being sufficiently pursued, ensuing in overlap and decreased competence. Inconsistent messages: Different managers communicating different messages, sometimes conflicting, causes confusion. Untimely messages: Employees are not receiving information when and where they require it, which slows processes and projects. Unclear expectations: Non-existent interaction between senior managers and other mid-level managers results in no clear definition of goals and objectives. Unclear future planning: Managers do not discuss their visions about the company with other employees, so there is no shared direction or motivation in the organization. Non-collaboration: Units in the organization do not cooperate or interact to achieve common goals, pushing competition instead of collaboration. No trust: Employees do not trust each other, thus do not open to each other or share information. Distance: Different units operating from different locations leads to gaps in communication (Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 2010). Causes of problems People normally think that the reason behind the problems is poor communication skills. However, that is not the case. The actual root causes of the problems that arise in business communications are according to (Guffey and Loewy 2012) are: Unclear roles and responsibilities: Vaguely defined roles or accountabilities in assignments and programs together result in workplace clashes Vague decision-making establishments and processes:Decision-making is an integral part of any department in any business. Every employee wishes to be a part of the process. Among those many is there who actually do not put in anything productive. Thus, clearly defined processes and appropriate distribution of this responsibility is required. Poorly crafted business models: Diverse business models end up in overlapping of processes, which consequently results in clashes between different departments and adverse interactions. Poorly outlined organizational structure: Many companies design their organizational structure to be in the good books of influential people, others design it in a way that makes departments overlap each other. It leads to power wars, poor accountability and blame games. Inadequate arrangements: Improper placement of people according to their skills, improper handling changes in initiatives or any business venture result in resentment, resistance and communication problems. Attitude and ego: Teamwork productivity often is hampered because of an individuals ego and inequity. Cultural differences: People from diverse backgrounds and cultural dimensions work together. However, each has a tendency to interact with only those with whom their habits match. Poor listening habits: People tune out while listening, deeming a topic uninteresting, focusing on the outcome rather than the substance, reacting prematurely, getting distracted or avoiding incomprehensible topics. Hierarchy problems: Miscommunication between top-level management and mid-level management regarding expectations or crucial information leads to unclear goals and benchmarks. Inadequate knowledge: Ineffective education or deficiency in understanding leads to setbacks in productivity. Poorly composed communication: Poorly inscribed resources, inaccurate syntax, awful grammar and out of context topics direct to confusion. Physical barriers: People communicate mostly with those are the closest to them, physically. It is important for people working together to work together (Sriussadaporn,R., 2006). Advantages and disadvantages of business communication Good communication is vital to running and functioning in a dynamic and proficient workplace. When carried out effectively, business communication can build a company's reputation, resolve and prevent conflicts, and contribute to strong relationships between your company, its customers and the business community (Broadbent 2013). Advantages: Build relationships: Proper communication processes encourages interaction between employer, employees and customers. Use of communications in promotional activities helps growth in awareness of the companys services. Team motivation: Good communication helps build cooperation between members of a team, a department and even the management. It also fosters trust among the workers. Strengthen partnerships: Effective communication is important while interacting with stakeholders or associates. Clear communication wipes out doubts and helps communicating about business needs and strategies. Helps diversity: Effective communication helps remove hurdles of language and cultural differences. Avoidance of cultural confusion helps in increasing productivity by inducing cooperation among staff. Global business growth: Good communication helps in global business transactions by helping the executives bridge the cultural and language gaps, removing the factor of being offensive out of the equation. Staff morale: Good communication between management and employee improves employee morale. It creates a healthy work environment and makes the employees happy about their jobs. Direction: Effective communication provides clear vision and direction to the employees about their responsibilities in the organization. It helps them accomplish their tasks productively (Zurawski 2014). Disadvantages: Manipulation: When effective communication is used to persuade someone in a manipulative way it makes the employees take decisions they are not supposed to take. Feedback limitation: Managers of an organization sometimes employ effective communication to suppress and bound feedback.This type of communication pushes back the listener and makes him decide not to come forward in future regarding anything. Misinterpretation: Due to miscommunication issues or difference in the perspectives of the communicating parties misinterpretations of messages happens. It leads to inaccurate representation and impacts productivity negatively. Spontaneity affects negatively: At times business messages are communicated instantly and immediately. It can result in poor framing of words with unfortunate consequences. Spatial barriers are needed at times: Business messages nowadays are restrained with the help of technology. However, this can lead to unforeseen collaboration with unintended addressees. Problem in clarity: Recipients at times do not understand the message communicated to them by the sender. It leads to delay in business processes and decisions. Zero assurance: At times no guarantee can be offered as to the reception of the communication, message understanding or of the privacy of the communication content. The business communication is passed on from one place to another and, thus, there would not be any admittance to nonverbal signals that assist communication (Grant and Meadows 2013). Conclusion When hopes are not plainly declared, details seem masked or business purposes remain blurred, problems take place in organizations. Encouraging workers to stay away from expressive reactions, making use of active listening practices and supplying just constructive feedback to create collaborative atmosphere where every person does well makes the business beneficial and sustainable. Communication problems in businesses are necessary to avoid. They provide many positive contributions to the growth of an organization. They do have some negatives too. However, the amount of development they provide to an organization is huge. Therefore, it is necessary to keep a check on the factors that lead to these communication problems. References Bretag,T.,Crossman,J.and Bordia,S., 2010. Communication skills . North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Broadbent, D.E., 2013.Perception and communication. Elsevier. Conrad,D., 2014. Workplace communication problems:Inquiries by employees and applicable solutions. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), pp.105-116. Dan, M.C., 2013. Why should university and business cooperate? A discussion of advantages and disadvantages.International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories,3(1), pp.67-74. Eunson,B., 2016. Communicating in the 21st century. 4th ed. Milton: John Wiley and Sons Australia. Grant, A.E. and Meadows, J.H. eds., 2013.Communication technology update and fundamentals. Taylor Francis. Guffey, M.E. and Loewy, D., 2012.Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Hamilton, C., 2013.Communicating for results: A guide for business and the professions. Cengage Learning. Roebuck, D., Siha, S. and Bell, R.L., 2013.Faculty usage of social media and mobile devices: analysis of advantages and concerns. DigitalCommons@ Kennesaw State University. Soy, S., 2015. The case study as a research method. Sriussadaporn,R., 2006. Managing international business communication problems at work:a pilot study in foreign companies in Thailand. Cross cultural management:AnInternational Journal, 13(4), pp.330-344. Zurawski, R. ed., 2014.Industrial communication technology handbook. CRC Press.

Questions on Macro Economics Essay Example

Questions on Macro Economics Essay Que According to the Keynesian view of money, there are three reasons why people hold money. Briefly describe the three (3) motives for holding money and the main determinants of each of these money balances. (15/15) According to the Keynesian view of money, there are three motives for holding money. These motives are transactionary motives, precautionary and speculative motive. Transactionary motive This is the demand for money as a medium of exchange. Money is needed for day to day expenses or day to day purchases of goods and services. Money is exchanged for goods and services that cater for the needs and wants of customers. The goods might involve the most basic ones such as food, water and shelter as well as clothing. Precautionary motive Money as a store of value can be used to cater for uncertainties. People desire money to cater for these uncertainties that might impact on their lives. Unexpected disasters such as death, floods, hailstorms and so on may increase the demand to hold money as a precaution. However certain economic conditions such as the rate of inflation may have special implications on the demand for money for precautionary motives. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the interest rate is too high, the demand for money for precautionary motives increases. Speculative motive Money as a store of value can be demand as an outcome of speculation or expectations. Speculation has serious impacts on liquidity preference. The liquidity preference can be determined by several variables such as the rate of inflation and interest rate. If individuals or households for example expect a sharp increase in the price of commodities, the demand for money as a speculative motive decreases as the fear that the value of their money will be lost as a result of inflation. If people expect a sharp decrease in the price of commodities, the demand to hold money will increase as they know that, they will be able to buy more.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 4 of 22 The demand to hold money as a transactionary motive is known as active balance. Money held for precautionary and speculative motive is known as idle balance. In general there is an inverse relationship between holding money as idle balance and interest rate. The higher the interest rate the greater the liquidity preference or demand for money for precautionary and speculative motive. . 2 List the three (3) main injections into the circular flow of income and spending and two (2) leakages from the circular flow of income and spending. (5/5) Injections into the circular flow are: a. Payments made by the foreign sector to the country for exports. b. Investments by foreign firms into a country. c. Government subsidies and payments for goods and services. Lea kages from the circular flow of income and spending are: a. Payments for imports to the foreign sector. b. Payment of taxed to the government. QUESTION 3 [20/20] 3. Keynesian Theory emphasised an active role for government in maintaining the full employment level of national incomes. An economy free of government intervention could not ensure a sufficient level of demand. If, however, government adjusted the level of injections and withdrawals, the level of economic activity could be controlled through the multiplier effect. Briefly describe what is meant by the multiplier effect. (5/5) The multiplier effect refers to changes in national or equilibrium income or output resulting from changes if expenditure components. The result is always a multiple of the expenditure, which implies that the result is always higher that the initial charge in other words it is a multiple of the initial charge. A change in injection, say consumption (C), investment (I), Government expenditure (G) and exports (X) results in a bigger change on the level of national output or income. The multiplier works on the portion of the injection that is channelled into the circular flow. If therefore is affected by such withdrawals as savings, taxes and imports. In an open economy, the multiplier is given by the following formula: 1 1 – C (1 – t) tm Where c, t and m represent the propensities to consumer and import which are withdrawals from the circular flow. 3. 2 Explain using an AS/AD diagram, the impact of an increase in productivity without an increase in remuneration on the aggregate demand and supply curves. Please ensure that you show all labelling on your graph. (15/15)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 5 of 22 The impact of an increase in productivity without an increase in remuneration on AD and AS curves. AD1 AD E2 Price P P2 P0 P1 E0 E1 AS AS1 AS AD1 AS1 AD Y 0 Y0 Y1 Y2 Total Output Y From the figure above, the original price is P0 and the national income is equivalent to Y0. The economy is in equilibrium at E0. An increase in productivity shifts the aggregate supply curve to the right from AS to AS1. With the new supply curve, the equilibrium shifts to E1 at a price P1 and income Y1. Thus an increase in productivity reduces the price down to P1 and increases national income to Y1 from Y0. If there was an increase in remuneration this would have shifted the aggregate demand curve to AD, AD1 and increased the average price with a resultant higher output. QUESTION 4 4. 1 [20/20] Briefly discuss the problems facing less developed countries which explain why, as a group, LDCs tend to be poorer than developed countries. (15/15) LDC’s generally have a much higher population growth than Developed countries. Rapid population growth can create problems because new jobs have to be created in order to accommodate the increase in the labour force. If this cannot be achieved then unemployment will increase and this will also have an impact on the quality of the wellbeing of the society as well as pressure on  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 6 of 22 education and health services lacking in quality and quantity. The other problem faced by LDC’s is that the quality of the labour force tends to be low. A large number of LDC’s don’t have access to natural resources such as mineral deposits, energy sources and agricultural land for example in the tropics where the climate is not favourable for farming and in these areas crops and livestock diseases are common. Those with the mineral deposits may not be in the position to get access to capital in order for them to extract these minerals. Most LDC’s use traditional methods of farming and land ownership systems as a result of this agricultural productivity are very low. In some societies the land is owned by the community and not by the individuals therefore and person may not be motivated to protect or improve the soil since others will benefit without having to bear a cost. Agricultural development is therefore impeded. The other problem that LDC’s face is that their infrastructure is generally poorly developed. Power generation systems, roads, communication systems as well as housing facilities are lacking. This tends to affect access to the markets and also this makes it hard for firms in these countries to exploit economies of scale in the same way that those firms in developed countries do. There is also the problem of critical shortage of capital goods and access to finance in order to promote economic development. LDC’s do not have their own capital goods industries and they have to import them, and this will bring about another problem of shortage of foreign currency. LDC’s rely on foreign aid, foreign loans and foreign direct investments to purchase capital goods. 4. Name the four (4) key market-oriented policy instruments through which monetary policy is conducted in South Africa. (5/5) The four policy instruments are accommodation policy, open market policy, intervention in foreign exchange markets and public debt management. QUESTION 5 5. 1 [20/20] The South African Reserve Bank uses three different measures of the quantity of money, namely M1, M2 and M3. Explain what these measures (M1, M2 and M3) consist of. (6/6) M1 refers to all notes and coins in circulation as well as all demand deposits. M2 refers to M1 and also includes short to medium term deposits. M3 is made up of M1 and M2 and also includes all long term deposits. 5. 2 Use demand and supply analysis to graphically illustrate and explain the economic impact of an import tariff on a good such as textiles. Your graph and explanation must show the situation in the absence of international trade and after the economy is opened up to international trade. (11/11) The graph below illustrates the economic impact of an import tariff on a good such as textiles:  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 7 of 22 P AD AS Price P0 E0 Pt SW Pw AS 0 Q1 Q2 Q0 Q4 Q5 AD Q QUANTITY 5. 3. List three (3) components of the balance of payments. (3/3) In the absence of international trade in the textile market, aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) are at equilibrium at E0, where price is P0 and quantity is Q0. The economy is opened up to international trade. The world supply of textiles is now reflected by SW. this is a horizontal supply curve that reflects that at the world price of Pw, an unlimited quantity of textiles is available for supply. This is a large decrease in price from the equilibrium price of P0. At the world price of Pw, the domestic suppliers are only able and willing to supply a quantity of Q1, however the domestic demand at Pn is for Q5. Thus at Pw, the domestic suppliers will supply a quantity of Q1, however the domestic demand at Pn is for Q5. Thus at Pw, the domestic suppliers will supply a quantity at Q1 whilst the remaining quantity demanded (Q5 – Q1) will be imported into the country from the international market. This will result in the domestic textile industry being severely affected as companies shut down and people loose their jobs. EXAM TOTAL: 100 IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 8 of 22 MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) 30 MAY 2012 Answer ANY FIVE (5) questions QUESTION 1 1. 1. 1 Study the following Lorentz curve and then answer the questions: [20/20] i. What does the Lorentz curve illustrate? (3/3) The Lorentz curve illustrates the degree of inequality in the distribution of income in a population. What does line OB represent? Perfect equality in the distribution of income. Which line is the Lorentz curve? The line that runs from 0 through a, b, c, d to B. What is the shaded area called? The area of inequality. (2/2) ii. iii. (2/2) iv. (2/2) v. Where will you find the greatest possible inequality? (2/2) This is where only one individual or household earns the entire income. This would be illustrated by a line running from 0 to A to B. With reference to the Lorentz curve above, how is the Gini coefficient calculated? (2/2) Gini coefficient would be calculated by dividing the area of the Lorentz curve (0, a, b, c, d, B) by the area of the right-angled triangle 0AB. When will the Gini coefficient be zero? When there is perfect equality in the distribution of income (OB). 1/1) vi. vii. viii. When will the Gini coefficient be one?  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing (1/1) Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 9 of 22 When there is there is the greatest possible inequality total income accrues to one individual or household (line running from 0 to A to B) 1. 2 List five (5) causes of cost-push inflation. Increase in profit margins. Increase in the price of other inputs e. g. imported oil or capital goods. Wage and salary increase unaccompanied by an increase in productivity. Decrease in productivity. Deteriorations in the weather. 20/20] (5/5) QUESTION 2 2. 1 Which of the following are changes in injections and which are changes in withdrawals in South Africa’s circular flow of income? In each case, specify whether the change is an increase or decrease ceteris paribus. i. The local council funds a new metro project for the city. Change in injection Increase ceteris paribus. The government raises tax allowances. Change in withdrawal Decrease ceteris paribus. (2/2) ii. (2/2) iii. A leading South African company wins a major overseas contract. (2/2) Change in injection Increase ceteris paribus. Government reduces child benefits. Change in withdrawal Decrease ceteris paribus. (2/2) iv. v. Depreciation in the exchange rate affects the popularity of holidays abroad. (2/2) Change in withdrawal Decreases ceteris paribus. 2. 2 The South African Reserve Bank regards financial stability as its most important objective. Identify and discuss two areas where the South African Reserve Bank plays a pivotal role in pursuit of this objective. (10/10) Financial Stability ? Bank notes and coins The SA Reserve Bank issues, destroys, prints produces bank notes and coins. The mint company produces coins and the note company prints the  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 10 of 22 notes. It is done according to the demand of money needed to circulate in the economy. ? ? ? ? ? ? Supervision (Bank). The SA Reserve Bank issues licenses to other banks. The SA Reserve Bank has the responsibility to make sure other banks function correctly in the economy. Supervises and corrects other banks when needed. Offers liquidity to other banks. Acts as a clearing bank to other banks. [20/20] QUESTION 3 3. 1 The Aggregate Demand – Aggregate Supply model (AS/AD) is a guide for policymaking. Explain, using a AS/AD model, the effect on the Aggregate Demand (AD) as the result of an Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy. First draw the diagram and then explain the effect on the Aggregate Demand (AD). (16/16) The diagram below shows the effects of Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the AS/AD model. P ADI AS PRICE LEVEL P2 E1 P0 E0 AD AS AD ADI 0 Y1 Y2 TOTAL PRODUCTION, INCOME Y  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 11 of 22 Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy entails the reduction in interest rates and increase in money supply. Increase in government expenditure or spending and lowering of taxes. By this, demand in the economy would have been increased, because participants in the economy have enough credits to spend hence prices of goods and services will increase. On the diagram, prior to the expansionary monetary and Fiscal policy production on the horizontal was of Y1, price level of P0 and equilibrium of E0. Due to Expansionary monetary and Fiscal policy production increased to Y2, price level to P2 and new equilibrium to E1. The Aggregate demand curve has shifted to the right to ADI and the AS supply curve remains as it is, no effect. 3. 2 Identify four (4) types of unemployment. Four types of unemployment: Cyclical unemployment Seasonal unemployment Structural unemployment Frictional unemployment (4/4) QUESTION 4 4. 1 Distinguish between the following: i. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [20/20] (4/4) GDP equation GDP = C + I + G + (x-z) It excludes imports. GDP is the total value of production within the boundaries of the country. ii. Gross Domestic Expenditure (GDE) (3/3) GDE = C + I + G Excludes exports. GDE is equal to GDP at market prices. GDE is the total value of goods and services in the boundaries of the country. iii. Gross National Income (GNI) GNI = Primary income receipts. Primary income payments. GNI measures the standard of living. GNI = GNP 4. 2 In a system of market-determined exchange rate, how would the following affect the price of the rand in terms of the dollar? Explain your answer in terms of whether there is a shift in the demand or supply curves (or both) and which way the curve(s) shifts. (3/3)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 12 of 22 i. More capital goods are imported from China. 2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve remains the same, Rand depreciates against the dollar. Net investments in South Africa increase. (2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve shifts to the right, Rand appreciates against the dollar. Speculators believe the exchange rate will fall. (2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve shifts to the left, th e Rand depreciates against the dollar. Interest rates in South Africa fall relative to those abroad. (2/2) The demand curve shifts to the left, supply curve stays the same the Rand depreciates against the dollar. South Africa experiences a high rate of inflation. (2/2) The demand curve shifts right, the supply curve shifts left the rand depreciates against the dollar. [20/20] ii. iii. iv. v. QUESTION 5 5. 1 The relationship between household expenditure and income is called the consumption function. Graphically illustrate the consumption function and describe three (3) important features of the consumption function. (11/11) The diagram below illustrates the consumption function: TOTAL SPENDING C2 C C1 C Y C Y 0 INCOME In the diagram above it illustrates that an increase in income will result in an increase in total spending. Although there is an increase in total spending, the increase in total spending is less than the increase in  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Y4 Y5 Page 13 of 22 income. Spending or consumption will not begin at zero because our consumption function which is C is slightly above zero. 5. 2 List the five (5) macroeconomic objectives. Five macroeconomic objectives are as follows: Full employment. Economic growth Stability in price Balance of payment Equitable distribution of income 5. 3 Briefly explain the ‘Consumer Price Index’ (CPI). (4/4) (5/5) Consumer Price Index is defined as the price index of the basket with goods and services of consumers. Consumer Price Index is used to measure inflation rate usually on an annual basis. Consumer Price Index is calculated by selecting goods and services that is expected to be consumed by average consumers in an economy. In the Consumer Price Index the importance of goods and services is determined by the weight allocated to each good and service in the basket. QUESTION 6 6. 1 Draw a figure explaining a typical business cycle. [20/20] (8/8) Economic activity + B Peak (boom) (upswing) recovery recession (downswing) Time C A trough A business cycle consists of peaks and troughs.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 14 of 22 6. 2 At point A the through the economy will be in recession where the level of economic activity will be low, high inflation, no investments, high unemployment. At point B the peak caused by an upswing or when the economy rec overs from the recession the economic level of activities will be at its highest, low inflation, high investments, high productivity. It is usually called a boom. Also unemployment will be low. Then there is a downswing from the boom to recession and to the trough again. The cycle goes on and on. Suppose the price of a packet of 20 cigarettes is R12. 00. At this equilibrium price the quantity sold is 150 000 packets per week. Government now introduces an additional excise tax of R4. 00 per packet. Use the data to construct a graph to explain the effect of the introduction of this excise tax. First draw the graph and then explain the effect. Indicate the following on the graph and explain: i. ii. iii. The original equilibrium price and quantity The new equilibrium price and quantity The tax levied per packet 12/12)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 15 of 22 R Price of packet(R) S1 20 S1 D R4. 00 S 18 16 14. 40 14 E2 E0 12 E1 10. 40 10 S1 8 D 6 S 4 2 50 100 120 Quantity sold (in thousands) per week 150 200 At the beginning of a price of R12. 00 we are at equilibrium E0 with 150 000 packets being sold per week. With the introduction of an additional excise tax of R4. 00 per packet our supply curve moves to the left and cuts the demand curve of our new equilibrium E2 with price of R14. 40 and a quantity of 120 000 packets per week. The supplier will be able sell at a price of about R10. 40 with a quantity of 120 000 packets per week. The tax levied per packet is shown by the distance between E1 and E2 and is the additional excess tax of R4. 00. The supplier will make sale at a lower price from R12. 00 to R10. 40 which is R1. 60 less and the consumer will buy at a higher price of R14. 40 which is R2. 40 more. EXAM TOTAL: 100  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 16 of 22 MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) 21 OCTOBER 2011 Answer ANY FIVE (5) questions QUESTION 1 1. [18/20] Discuss the circular flow of goods and services by drawing a diagram and then explaining this flow. (10/10) Firms Factors of production Goods and services Factor market Goods market Factors of production Goods and services Households From the above diagram we are able to see that households produce the factors of production, and sell them on the factor market. The factors of production are purchased fr om the factor market, by firms. Firms then take the factors of production, and turn them into goods and services, which are then sold on the goods market. Households then purchase the goods and services from the goods market for consumption. 1. 2 Name the most important total of the balance of payments. The balance of gold and foreign exchange reserves. 1. 3 Provide four (4) reasons for your answer in 1. 2 above. (6/8) (2/2) The balance of gold and foreign exchange reserves is the most important total because the answer is obtained by adding the two major accounts (current and financial account) together.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 17 of 22 This total shows the financial standing of a country compared to the rest of the world. The total depicts if the country is importing or exporting more. And the total allows us to see which areas, in terms of financial stability, on which we can improve. QUESTION 2 2. 1 On what basic idea did Keynes base his model? [20/20] (2/2) Keynes based his model on the basic idea that production and income are determined by aggregate spending. In other words aggregate spending drives total production and income in the economy thus A 2. 2 Y The consumption function is concerned with total spending in the economy. Give six (6) important factors that affect consumption. Consumption can be affected by the following factors: (6/6) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Wealth Interest rates Level of taxation Expectations Distribution of income Age distribution of population (2/2) 2. 3 What is meant by ‘prices are given’ in terms of this model? In terms of the Keynesian model when they say â€Å"prices are given† they mean that prices are set outside the model, they are not generated in the model. 2. 4 The aim of a simple Keynesian macroeconomic model is to explain how national income is determined. Describe five (5) assumptions upon which this model is based. 10/10) The simple Keynesian model is based on various assumptions of which the following may be discussed: Firstly, it assumes that the economy consist of households and firms only. These are the basic decision-making and production units only. The model also assumes that there is no government thus the local, regional and central government is not part of the simple Keynesian model. There is no f oreign sector. It assumes that it is a closed economy where there is no interaction with the rest of the world.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 18 of 22 The forth assumption is that money supply and interest rates are given. The interest rates are determined outside the model. Therefore the model cannot influence the monetary sector operations. Lastly, the simple Keynesian model assumes that â€Å"prices are given†. All market prices are given and they are not generated in the model which implies that the model cannot be used to calculate the inflation rate. QUESTION 3 3. 1 [20/20] Explain the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and give the formula for the calculation thereof. (5/5) Gross Domestic Product is the total value of goods and service within the country. GDP is calculated by product, income and expenditure and excludes imports. GDP = C + 1 + G + (x – z) 3. 2 Explain the Gross Domestic Expenditure (GDE) and give the formula for the calculation thereof. (5/5) Gross Domestic Expenditure is the total value of spending on goods produced in the country. GDE is equal to GDP at market price. Excludes exports GDE = C + 1 + G 3. 3 Define the monetary policy. (2/2) Monetary policy can be defined as a measure of monetary authorities to influence quantity of money or interest. 3. 4 Give the four (4) key instruments used in the monetary policy. a. b. c. . Accommodation policy Open market policy Public debt management Intervention on foreign exchange rate [20/20] (2/2) (8/8) QUESTION 4 4. 1 When is a tax a general tax? A general tax is a tax levied on goods and services i. e. VAT. 4. 2 When is a tax a selective tax? A selective tax is a tax levied only on selected goods. i. e. alcohol. (2/2)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 19 of 22 4. 3 When is a tax proportional? (2/2) A proportional tax is when the tax paid (i. e. income tax) is proportional to the income earned. 4. 4 When is a tax progressive? (2/2) A progressive tax is a tax that increases as income increases (i. e. income tax). 4. 5 When is a tax regressive? A regressive tax is a tax which reduces as income increases (i. e. VAT) 4. 6 What type of tax is ‘Value Added Tax’ (VAT) and why? (2/2) (2/2) Value Added Tax is a general tax. It is levied on most goods and services. 4. 7 Assume a bottle of wine costs R45. 95 and the government raises the tax on wine by R4. 00 per bottle. Answer the following questions: a) What will happen to the consumption of wine in the country? (2/2) The consumption of wine will decrease due to a drop in demand caused by the higher price. ) Give the three (3) groups that will share the burden of this increase in tax. (6/6) Employer – the employer will receive less profit per bottle of wine. Employee – there will be less demand which will lead to a decrease in supply / production which can create less jobs or wage cuts. Consumer – the consumer will pay more for a bottle of wine due to inflation in the price. [20/20] QUESTION 5 Suppose the market is in equilibrium at an exchange rate of â‚ ¬11 and a quantity of 14 billion eurodollars a day. Suppose there is a decrease in the supply of eurodollars. 5. Draw a graph showing the original equilibrium position. (5/5)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 20 of 22 A decrease in the supply of eurodollars D â‚ ¬ S1 14 E1 S 12 Price of eurodollars (exchange rate) 11 E 8 6 4 D 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Q Quantity of eurodollars per day (billions) 5. 2 Then on the same graph, show the effect of the decrease in the supply of eurodollars. (5/5) Provide a brief explanation of the effect shown in (5. 2). (10/10) 5. 3 Original supply curve at (SS), Demand at (DD) equilibrium at E (â‚ ¬11:14), price is at â‚ ¬11 and quantity at 14. The new supply curve at SS1, equilibrium at E1, price at 14 and quantity at 12. When price appreciates the quantity demanded depreciates, and it forms a new equilibrium at an exchange rate of â‚ ¬14 and a quantity of 12. The supply of eurodollars decreases. QUESTION 6 6. 1 [16/20] Draw a Philips curve which shows the relationship between inflation and unemployment. (7/8)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 21 of 22 Figure 2 ^P P Inflation Rate (%) 5 A 2 B U -2 3 6 Unemployment Rate (%) Define the concept of ‘stagflation’. 6. 2 (2/2) Stagflation is the combination of an increased unemployment rate along with an increase in inflation. 6. 3 Draw a figure that shows the impact of ‘stagflation’ on the Philips curve. (8/8) Figure 3 ^P P 6 Inflation Rate (%) A 5 A U 4 Unemployment Rate (%)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 6 Page 22 of 22 6. 4 Give two (2) other factors which would cause the Philips curve to move in the same direction as the movement caused by ‘stagflation’. (1/2) Recession in a country. Production costs increase. EXAM TOTAL: 100  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101

Unique March Holidays and Fun Ways to Celebrate Them

Unique March Holidays and Fun Ways to Celebrate Them Marchs signature holiday may be St. Patricks Day, but there are plenty of little-known holidays throughout the month. Unique holidays can be the most fun to celebrate. Add some fun learning opportunities to your school calendar this month by celebrating these unique March holidays. Dr. Seuss Day (March 2) Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, was born on March 2, 1904, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Seuss wrote dozens of classic children’s books, including  The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, and One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish Blue Fish. Celebrate his birthday with some of the following ideas: Use food coloring to enjoy a breakfast of green eggs and ham.The book  Green Eggs and Ham was written using only 50 words. Try writing a story of your own using those same 50 words.Throw a Dr. Seuss birthday party.Make Cat in the Hat cookies World Wildlife Day (March 3) Celebrate World Wildlife Day by learning more about the creatures that inhabit our world. Choose a unique animal to research. Use the library or online resources to discover facts such as where it lives; its habit; its life cycle and lifespan; what it eats; and what makes it unique.Visit a zoo, aquarium, nature preserve, or conservation center.Define the words endangered and extinct. Discover some examples of each and learn what steps we can take to help preserve endangered species. Oreo Cookie Day (March 6) Oreo, the best-selling cookie in the United States, consists of two chocolate cookies with a sweet, cream filling. The most obvious way to celebrate Oreo Cookie Day is to grab a handful of cookies and a glass of milk for a tasty treat. You might also try some of the following: Use Oreo cookies to demonstrate the phases of the moon.Learn about the history of Oreo cookies.Make Oreo truffles. Pi Day (March 14) Math lovers, rejoice! Pi Day is celebrated on March 14 – 3.14 – each year. Mark the day by: Answering the question,  what is pi?Reading  Sir Conference and the Dragon of Pi.Baking an actual pie.Doing something special – eat your pie, throw confetti – at 1:59 p.m. to reinforce the fact that the actual value of pi is 3.14159†¦ World Storytelling Day (March 20) World Storytelling Day celebrates the art of oral storytelling. Storytelling is much more than simply sharing facts. It’s weaving them into memorable tales that can be passed down from generation to generation. Check with your local library to see if they have lined up any special guests for World Storytelling Day.Invite your children’s grandparents to tell stories of their childhood. If the grandparents are stuck for ideas, try these storytelling suggestions.Allow each of your family members to try their hand at storytelling.Try some games to improve your storytelling technique. Poetry Day (March 21) Poems often trigger an emotional response, causing them to stay lodged in our memories for a lifetime. Writing poetry can be a wonderful emotional outlet. Try these ideas to celebrate Poetry Day: Learn about different types of poetry, such as  acrostic, Haiku, found poetry, couplets, etc.Try writing a few different types of poems.Choose a book or two of poetry to read from throughout the day.Illustrate your favorite poem.Try memorizing a new poem.Learn about a famous poet. Make Up Your Own Holiday Day (March 26) Can’t find a holiday to suit you? Make up your own! Turn it into a learning opportunity for your homeschooled students by inviting them to write a paragraph describing their made-up holiday. Be sure to  answer why and how it is celebrated. Then, commence celebrating! Pencil Day (March 30) Despite its obscure history, Pencil Day should be celebrated by homeschoolers worldwide  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ because who is better at losing pencils than we are? They disappear at an alarming rate rivaled only by single socks that disappear from the dryer. Celebrate Pencil Day by: Going on a search and rescue mission for all the missing pencils in your home.Learn about some notable pencil users.Make a pencil cake.Purchase pencils to donate to organizations who supply school supplies to needy children. These little-known holidays can add an air of festivity to each week throughout the month. Have fun!

Audit Sampling Case Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Audit Sampling Case Memo - Essay Example : (1) the existence of the inventory; (2) the rights or obligations of inventory; (3) the completeness of the inventory as stated in the balance sheet; (4) the valuation of inventory on hand, and whether it is presented according to GAAP along with (5) the presentation or disclosure of inventories in the financial statements (Whittington & Pany, 2006). RF= the reliability factor for the specified risk of incorrect acceptance. This is taken from figure 13-5 in Boynton & Johnson (2010), and for a risk of incorrect acceptance of 37% as listed, the reliability factor is 1.0. EF= the expansion factor for anticipated misstatement. This is obtained from figure 13-6 in Boynton & Johnson (2010). With a risk of incorrect acceptance at 37%, the expansion factor is given as 1.15. In Boynton & Johnson (2010), the risk of incorrect acceptance is listed at 37%. There are scenarios that would explain why 37% is chosen instead of higher or lower percentages. An important element mentioned by Whittington & Pany (2006) is the level of overall audit risk. Audit risk is based on the following formula: Audit risk (AR) is the overall allowable audit risk that a material misstatement will remain undetected. Inherent risk (IR) is a risk of a material misstatement in the financial statements, assuming a company had no internal controls. Control risk (CR) is the risk that a material misstatement could occur in an assertion and will not be detected by internal control. Detection risk (DR) is the risk that the auditors’ substantive testing will not find a material misstatement (Whittington & Pany, 2006). The setting of the risk of incorrect acceptance at 37% is not an exact science. If circumstances arise where auditors place inherent risk and control risk at high levels, and do not engage in other tests of the balance assertion, then the risk of incorrect acceptance would have to be set at a low level. However if a decrease in inherent risk or control risk occurs, then a

Individual Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Individual Report - Assignment Example ts that are usually given a high sense of priority, when analyzing the economic status of a country in relation to its fitness for business activity (Mohr, 2011). In this research, the discussion will be based on an analysis of three major economic indicators; the currency value against the US Dollar, inflation and economic growth rate measured in Gross Domestic Product and how they will affect the multinational company that intends to expand the provision of its services and products to other parts of the global business environment. Economists have asserted that a nation’s economic indicators are usually voluminous statistical information that are provided by governments, non-governmental organizations as well as the economic agencies charged with the responsibility of undertaking economic analyses (Mohr, 2011). This information has proved beneficial to not only local companies, but also multinational companies that aspire to expand their services to these countries. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States, information regarding the country’s Gross Domestic Product has been crucial for the government owing to the fact that it assists in making adjustments of the existing economic policies (Berlatsky, 2013). In this regard, multinational and SME’s are usually subjected to scenario where they have to keep up to date with the existing economic policies in order to adjust their operations. The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States indicates that Gross Domestic Product of a nation is basically the value of services and products within its markets, generated within a specific period of time (Berlatsky, 2013). This information is usually released to the general public on a quarterly basis together with some revisions that may be provided within a period of ten weeks after the real of GDP information. Information regarding this data is usually accompanied with explanatory data that provides reasons for an increase in GDP or the reasons why